Bookkeeper
AI displacement risk
59%
Range 52.22–65.96%
Bookkeeper has 87% AI task overlap with only 8% human bottleneck protection — higher risk than 97% of occupations in the live market. Structural displacement pressure is significant.
Clerical Support Workers·SGD 3,200/mo (1,792–5,788)·~2.3K workers in SG·Updated 2026-06-11
Structural pressure, not a prediction of job loss. Displacement tends to arrive through slower hiring, wage compression and role redesign before layoffs.
Why This Score
87% of tasks overlap with current AI
8% human advantage from judgment & presence
50% demand buffer from the local labour market
AI usage 14pp above theoretical exposure
These factors interact with each other — the final score is not a simple sum of these bars.
How much AI overlaps with this job's tasks, offset by human advantages and local demand. How this works
Tasks AI can handle
With 87% AI task overlap (based on Felten AIOE, Anthropic Economic Index, and ILO occupational exposure), the Bookkeeper tasks most exposed include: data entry, invoice processing, appointment scheduling, document filing, and standard correspondence drafting.
What AI can't do here
At 8% human bottleneck protection, the tasks that remain hardest to automate for Bookkeeper include: exception handling for non-standard requests, institutional knowledge of internal processes, coordinating across departments, and managing sensitive information.
Main insulation channels: Non-routine work + High-stakes decisions — the work-context dimensions behind this occupation's human bottleneck.
Skills to focus on
Sources: Felten AIOE (2021), Anthropic Economic Index (2026), ILO GenAI (2025), Pizzinelli et al. bottleneck model. Full methodology.
Singapore Now
Current labour market conditions and how they affect this role.
Cooling, but not collapsing. Vacancies are softer, yet retrenchment remains low and hiring still exceeds resignations.
Vacancy
3.1%
↓ 11.4% YoY
Hiring
2.6%
vs 1.6% resign
Retrenchment
1.5
per 1,000 · low
Re-entry
78.5%
find work in 12mo· -1.6pp
Clerical, Sales & Service Workers · 2025 Q4
Top Industries
Industry vacancy overlays use the latest published detailed cross-tab, which can lag the main labour monitor.
What You Can Do
Bookkeeper has some offset potential, but it depends on transition pathways holding up in practice and on workers clearing the main switching frictions.
Published transition support
Related roles you could transition to
Risk-reducingHigh displacement pressure, but comparatively credible risk-reducing moves exist — the strongest scores 67% match. Escape-route quality, not pressure alone, shapes how risk resolves.
Compare within Clerical Support Workers
See how this compares to similar occupations
Compare with... →Classification
Higher risk than 97% of occupations · V7 structural score
Raw scores
AIOE 1.040 · θ 0.597 · C-AIOE 0.924
Stability
stable · Optimistic 56% · Pessimistic 68%
Score range (best/worst case)
Exposure 78–95% · Net risk 52.22–65.96%
Scoring basis
V7 structural score. Uses task-concentration-weighted exposure, human bottleneck, and demand resilience. V6 baseline fields are retained for release-to-release comparison.-2.7pp versus retained V6 baseline.
Wage range (SGD/mo)
25th 1,792 · Median 3,200 · 75th 5,788
Evidence & sources
Data matching
direct · SSOC 43111
Real-world AI usage: +14% vs estimated
Data quality
86% · Matching 1.00 · Market data 0.70 · Freshness 0.83
Task-weighted shadow evidence is not active for this occupation yet.
AI overlap by data source
Weights: aioe 31% · anthropic 34% · ilo 35%
Conflicting data signals
Tools & offset factors
What helps
- Nearby moves and published transition support look reasonably strong.
What could slow it down
- Current demand support is thin, so offsets may take longer to show up.
Worker profile & local context
- Vacancy rate is 3.1% and fell by 0.2 points from last quarter.
- Hiring read: recruitment is running above resignation (2.6% vs 1.6%).
- Retrenchment was low at 1.5 per 1,000 employees.
- 78.5% of retrenched workers re-entered employment within 12 months.
- Employer pressure is moderate, based on 3 recent Singapore-relevant company signals.
Worker profile
Gender mix
37% male / 63% femalePublished Singapore worker composition for the detailed occupation family 43 Numerical & Material-Recording Clerks.
Employment structure
Employee-heavy99% employees, 1% employers or self-employed workers.
Work arrangement
Mostly full-time13% part-time and 87% full-time in 2025.
Age profile
Older-skewing16% aged 15 to 29, 35% aged 30 to 49, and 49% aged 50 or older.
Qualification mix
Mixed qualificationsSecondary 29%; Diploma / professional qualification 28%.
Gross wage by sex
Female median 38% lowerPublished June 2024 gross wage medians: male $4,643, female $2,870.
Where this work is concentrated
Top planning areas
Jurong West, Tampines, Woodlands22% of workers in this occupation group live in these three planning areas.
Residential concentration
Moderately clustered35% live across the top five planning areas in the 2020 Census.
Commute pattern
Longer commutesEstimated average commute 39.7 minutes. 38% take 46 minutes or more.
Role profile
How this role's work breaks down across key dimensions. This is a general profile, not an individual measurement.
Workflow dimensions (0 = low, 1 = high)
How this changes by career stage
Senior workers benefit from institutional knowledge and judgment that AI cannot replicate. Entry-level roles have higher task overlap with AI.
Frequently asked questions
Will AI replace Bookkeeper?
Bookkeeper has 87% AI task overlap with only 8% human bottleneck protection — higher risk than 97% of occupations in the live market. Structural displacement pressure is significant. Net displacement risk: 59% (Very High). Median wage: SGD 3,200/month.
What is the AI risk score for Bookkeeper?
Bookkeeper has an AI displacement risk of 59%, rated Very High. AI task overlap: 87%. Human advantage: 8%. Local demand buffer: 50%.
What career transitions are available for Bookkeeper?
Bookkeeper has modeled transition pathways to related occupations. The strongest adjacent pathway is Payroll/Wages clerk, based on skill and wage similarity (model-estimated). Transition scoring accounts for wage preservation, training ease, and destination quality.
How does Bookkeeper salary compare in the live market?
Bookkeeper earns a median gross wage of SGD 3,200/month in the live market (25th-75th percentile: SGD 1,792-5,788). This is 29% below median across all 562 scored occupations, and near group median within Clerical Support Workers occupations.